Many people have asked me the following question: “How do adjectives work in French?” They’re a little bit different from adjectives in English. Since adjectives are one of the parts of speech, it’s essential to understand and master them.

Where do French adjectives go in a sentence? Are there any exceptions? What should I keep in mind when using French adjectives?

This may seem a little bit complicated, but some rules can help you better understand. Let’s answer the most common questions that French learners have about adjectives such as placement and gender. By the end of this post, you should have a better understanding of French adjectives. C’est parti!

Where Do Adjectives Go in a Sentence?

Let’s answer the most common question we get. Unlike English, French adjectives follow the noun they modify in most cases. In English, the adjective precedes the noun, but in French, it’s the opposite.

Examples:

voiture rouge –> red car

garçon intelligent –> intelligent/smart boy

vêtements chers –> expensive clothes

film ennuyeux –> boring movie

livre intéressant –> interesting book

Placement Exceptions

As with all French things, there are always exceptions to the rule. We mentioned that French adjectives go after the noun they modify most of the time. That means it’s not always the case.

A good rule of thumb to remember is the acronym BAGS:

Beauty: beau (handsome), belle (beautiful)

Age: jeune (young), vieux (old), nouveau (new)

Goodness: bon (good), mauvais (bad), meilleur (better)

Size: petit (small), gros (fat), haut (high)

A few adjectives don’t follow the rule: laid (ugly), affreux (atrocious), âgé (old), and méchant (mean).

In addition to the adjectives under BAGS, the following adjectives also go before the noun they modify: tout (all), autre (other), même (same), faux (false), tel (such).

Ordinal numbers such as premier (first), deuxième (second), troisième (third), etc., also precede nouns.

Before or After the Noun

Adjectives are not always black and white. The placement of some of them depends on the idea you want to express. Look at the following examples:

Jim est mon cher ami. Jim is my dear friend.

J’ai acheté un portable cher. I bought an expensive phone.

Tim est un homme pauvre. Tim is a poor man.

Ma pauvre soeur a beaucoup de travail. My poor sister has a lot of work.

Did you see the difference? In the examples above, we used the adjectives cher and pauvre. Cher can either mean dear or expensive, while pauvre can mean poor as in penniless or poor as in miserable. When you describe something or someone in a figurative or subjective way, you place the adjective before the noun. On the contrary, when your description is literal or objective, you place the adjective after the noun. This principle applies to the following adjectives:

ancien (former, old)

certain (some, sure)

cher (dear, expensive)

dernier (final, previous)

grand (great, tall)

pauvre (miserable, poor)

prochain [next (in a sequence), next/following]

propre (own, clean)

seul (only, alone)

simple (mere, simple)

All of the adjectives listed above can be placed either before or after the adjective depending on the idea/concept you want to express. The translations in parentheses include the two meanings: the first one is the figurative/subjective meaning, while the second one is the literal/objective meaning.

Making Masculine Adjectives Feminine

Do you remember that gender plays a big role in French? Practically everything in French is either masculine or feminine, and adjectives are no exception. How do we make masculine adjectives feminine? There are several rules we have to remember.

In most cases, we simply add -e to a masculine adjective to make it feminine. Examples:

intelligent –> intelligente (smart, intelligent)

vert –> verte (green)

amusant –> amusante (fun)

fort –> forte (strong)

If an adjective ends in -er, we change the ending to -ère. Examples:

fier –> fière (proud)

étranger –> étrangère (foreign)

léger –> légère (light)

If an adjective ends in é, we add e. Examples:

âgé –> âgée (old)

fatigué –> fatiguée (tired)

occupé –> occupée (busy)

When an adjective ends in -eux, we change the ending to -euse. Examples:

ambitieux –> ambitieuse (ambitious)

dangereux –> dangereuse (dangerous)

heureux –> heureuse (happy)

sérieux –> sérieuse (serious)

When an adjective ends in f, we change the ending to -ve. Examples:

actif –> active (active)

naïf –> naïve (naive)

neuf –> neuve (new)

If an adjective ends in a consonant, we double the consonant and add -e. Examples:

canadien –> canadienne (Canadian)*

bon –> bonne (good)

gentil –> gentille (kind)

gros –> grosse (fat)

*Nationalities are not capitalized in French.

The following adjectives are irregular:

Three masculine singular adjectives change their spelling when preceding a noun starting with a vowel sound: beau, nouveau, and vieux. They become bel, nouvel, and vieil, respectively. Therefore, we have un bel homme (a handsome man), un nouvel article (a new article), and un vieil avion (an old plane).

Those adjectives ending in -e are used with both masculine and feminine nouns. Examples:

aimable (kind)

faible (weak)

maigre (thing)

moderne (modern)

pauvre (poor)

sale (dirty)

triste (sad)

Gender and Number Agreement

Adjectives have to agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. In English, adjectives are invariable and don’t change if the noun is masculine/feminine or singular/plural. That is not the case with French. In French, adjectives can be masculine or feminine and singular or plural. Look at the following examples:

le portable bleu –> les portables bleus (the blue cell phone, the blue cell phones)

la petite voiture –> les petites voitures (the small car, the small cars)

la vue incroyable –> les vues incroyables (the incredible view, the incredible views)

l’homme intelligent, la femme intelligente–> les hommes intelligents, les femmes intelligentes (the intelligent man, the intelligent men, the intelligent woman, the intelligent women)

la robe chère –> les robes chères (the expensive dress, the expensive dresses)

Conclusion

As you can see, French adjectives are not that simple. They go after the noun most of the time, but in other cases, they precede them. Don’t forget that some adjectives can either precede or follow a noun depending on the concept you want to express.

Most adjectives have masculine and feminine forms, while a few can be used with both genders indistinctly. Remember adjectives have to agree with nouns in gender and number.

I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any questions. Au revoir, les amis!

In our most recent post, we talked about the differences between past tenses, namely, le passé composé vs l’imparfait. Today, we will talk about expressing the future. Fortunately, the French future tenses are not as complicated as their cousins.

Talking about the future is much simpler. We use two structures: le futur simple (simple future) and le futur proche (the near future, also known as idiomatic future).

Let’s describe each one of them and see a few examples. Can they be used interchangeably? Do they express the same idea? Are there any exceptions to them? Let’s answer these questions as in much detail as possible. C’est parti!

Le Futur Simple

Le futur simple is used to talk about actions or events that will take place sometime in the future. it’s the equivalent of the English future tense (will + main verb).

We use this structure to express:

• Intentions
• Predictions or suppositions
• Cause and effect

To form le futur proche, we don’t use any auxiliaries. We simply add one of the following suffixes to the main verb: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, and -ont. Thus, to conjugate penser (to think), we have je penserai, tu penseras, il/elle pensera, nous penserons, vous penserez, and ils/elles penseront.

Let’s look at some examples.

Je nettoierai la maison demain. I will clean the house tomorrow. (future intention)

Tu ne pourras pas terminer la pizza toi-même. You will not be able to finish the pizza by yourself. (prediction)

Si vous n’étudiez pas, vous échouerez à votre examen. If you don’t study, you will fail your exam. (cause-effect)

Le Futur Proche

By contrast, le futur proche is used to talk about actions or events that will happen or are anticipated in the very near future. This structure is formed by using the corresponding conjugation of aller + an infinitive verb. It’s the same as the English going to + verb.

Do you remember the conjugations of aller? Don’t worry. Let’s review them quickly.

je vais

tu vas

il/elle va

nous allons

vous allez

ils/elles vont

Let’s look at some examples.

Je vais finir mes devoirs ce soir. I’m going to finish my homework tonight.

Qu’est-ce que tu vas commander? What are you going to order?

Il va pleuvoir demain. It’s going to rain tomorrow.

What’s the Difference?

You may now be wondering if both structures can be used interchangeably, right? Well, in many cases, the answer is yes. Look at the following examples:

Cet hiver, je vais aller au Mexique = Cet hiver, j’irai au Mexique. This winter I’m going to go/will go to Mexico.

Tu vas téléphoner à ta copine? = Tu téléphoneras à ta copine? Are you going to call/Will you call your girfriend?

Ce soir, on va aller au cinema = Ce soir, on ira au cinema. This evening we’re going to go to the movies.

However, in some cases, we can only use one structure. For example, we only use le futur simple in the following cases:

After quand, lorsque, dès que.

Quand je serai grand, je serai astronaute. When I grow up, I’ll be an astronaut.

With expressions like un jour, dans 5 ans, etc.

Un jour, j’aurai ma propre maison. I will have my own house one day.

When expressing a condition.

S’il ne pleut pas demain, on ira au parc. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.

The key is immediacy. If something will happen or is expected to happen soon, then you should use le futur proche instead.

Keep in mind that in everyday life, most people use le futur proche. You could use either structure in many cases as we mentioned above, but if you want to sound more French, stick to le futur proche as much as possible.

Present or Future?

In some cases, you can use the simple present tense to talk about the future, just like you would do in English.

Ce soir, on danse! We’re dancing tonight!

Je travaille ce week-end. I’m working this weekend.

Note that we need to specify a time when doing this. If you don’t, then it’s understood you’re talking about the present and not the future. Context is everything!

Negative and Interrogative Sentences

The same rules we saw in a previous post apply here. For negative sentences, we have to use ne + pas (or some other negative word depending on the idea being expressed). Example: Je n‘irai pas à la fête/Je ne vais pas aller à la fête (I won’t go to the party/I’m not going to go to the party).

The order of the words in future questions is the same as questions in other tenses. Examples: Est-ce que tu vas aller à la fête?/Est-ce que tu iras à la fête?/Vas-tu aller à la fête?/Iras-tu à la fête? All of these questions mean Will you go/Are you going to go to the party?

Exercises

Here are a few exercises so you can practice. The verb you have to use is in parentheses.

On ____________ un film ce soir. (regarder)

Un jour j’/je _____________ en France. (habiter)

Je _______________ à 21h. (se coucher)

Si elle va en Espagne, elle ______________ l’espagnol. (apprendre)

Nous n’____________ au parc. (aller)

Dans deux ans j’/je ____________ une voiture. (acheter)

Correct answers:

va regarder

habiterai

vais me coucher

apprendra

allons pas aller/irons pas

acheterai

For more exercises, you can visit the following sites:

https://francais.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tenses/le-futur-simple/exercises

https://francais.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tenses/le-futur-compose/exercises

Conclusion

There you have it. To talk about future actions, we normally use either le futur simple or le futur proche. In many cases, they’re interchangeable, but in others, you have to prefer one over the other depending on the context. Also, keep in mind le futur proche is more commonly used, so I recommend you stick to it when possible.

What do you think? Which structure do you prefer? Let me know in the comments section below. Au revoir, les amis!

When talking about the past in French, we normally use one of two grammatical structures: le passé composé and l’imparfait. French learners tend to confuse them in the beginning. Both tenses are used to talk about the past after all. When do you use each?

That’s why today we will talk about le passé composé vs l’imparfait. There are some guidelines that can help you determine when to use each. In French, it may not be a straightforward process as compared to English. But don’t worry.  We will give you some tips as well as several examples so you know what the difference is. C’est parti!

Le Passé Composé

Let’s start with le passé composé. We use this structure to talk about completed actions at a definite time in the past and past actions at an indefinite time. To form it, we use the verbs avoir or être + the past participle of the main verb. Examples:

J’ai acheté une nouvelle voiture l’année dernière. I bought a new car last year. (definite time)

Il est allé à Paris. He has been to Paris. (indefinite time since we don’t know when that happened)

Nous nous sommes mariés il y a deux mois. We got married two months ago. (definite time)

Elle n’a jamais mangé de sushi. She has never eaten sushi. (indefinite time)

Although this structure is used to express the two concepts mentioned above, it is more commonly used to talk about completed actions at a definite time in the past. In other words, it’s the equivalent of the English simple past tense.

L’Imparfait

We use l’imparfait to talk about repetitive or continuous past actions/states of being. It is the rough equivalent of the past progressive tense in English.

To form this structure, we simply change the ending of the main verb. Such endings are -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, and -aient. These will vary depending on the subject.

Examples:

Tim était un garçon timide à l’école. Tim was a shy boy in school.

Quand j’étais petit, je détestais le brocoli. When I was little, I hated broccoli.

J’allais au gymnase après le travail. I used to go to the gym after work.

Le Passé Composé vs L’Imparfait

How do we tell them apart, though? In a nutshell, the main difference between them is that we use le passé composé with completed actions, while l’imparfait is used with incomplete actions or actions at an indefinite time in the past.

The three main uses of l’imparfait are to talk about:

• Descriptions
• Habits
• Continuous past actions

On the other hand, a key concept with le passé composé is the presence of an action that is precise and completed.

In some cases, it’s easier to know which one to use by discarding your available options. You may not remember all the uses of X structure, but you might remember it’s not used in certain cases. For instance, if what you want to express doesn’t fall under a description, a habit, or a continuous past action, more than likely you will have to use le passé composé.

Using Both Structures Together

The best way to understand something is by looking at several examples. Below is a story that uses both tenses. Note the differences between them and the different concepts being expressed.

Did you notice the difference between the two structures? The more you practice them, the faster you will get used to them.

Indicators

Another thing you can look for is certain words or indicators that will help you determine which structure to use. Some of these words are normally used with le passé composé, while others are used with l’imparfait.

Conclusion

As you can see, using le passé composé and l’imparfait is not that complicated. They may intertwine at times and telling them apart will not be that straightforward. That’s normal. Just keep practicing, and you will master them in no time.

You will have to rely on context in many cases. Never ignore the context when deciding between these two structures as that is key to deciding which one you should choose over the other.

Well, folks, that’s all for today. I hope you enjoyed the lesson. Let me know your comments and questions below, and I will be more than glad to help. Au revoir!